nach oben

Erschienen in:

2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

43. What You See is What You Get: Invisibility, Spectacle and Media Literacy in the Age of Digital Media

verfasst von : Shashidhar Nanjundaiah

Erschienen in: Handbook of Digital Journalism

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Media literacy’s conceptualisations have largely been Western. Media literacy can be reimagined to adopt a community awareness role, especially in societies where access to digital discourse is compounded by social hierarchies. Media literacy endeavours to help media audiences detect misinformation from media and non-media sources and understand the multiplicity of media-disseminated realities. Meanwhile, the Covid-19 pandemic of the early 2020s accelerated the use of virtual interfaces in media literacy training programmes for communities. Learners are asked to scour the information landscape to verify, trust available texts on mainstream media, and in general consume and disseminate responsibly. ‘Mainstream’ media thrives on the virality of digital discourse. This fluid discursive interface between social media and mainstream media is problematic for media literacy’s efforts in creating rubrics users can follow in sifting information from misinformation. Digital discourse can appropriate what the mainstream news media may leave in visibilised: For example, one of the refrains among politically active WhatsApp groups that discredit mainstream media is that they hide truths and over represent minorities, or the converse. These are issues of absence, invisibility and unavailability of texts and communities. This chapter identifies media literacy’s limitations in addressing these issues. It debates whether media literacy can resolve these contradictions between digital and mainstream media. A model that can be further developed into an operational framework is warranted, and this chapter offers one.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Social Media Listening: User Response in Digital Platforms

Nächstes Kapitel Building Trust in Digital Journalism: Countering Fake News, Misinformation and Disinformation

The roundtable was held on 4 February 2022, and was curated and moderated by the author as a part of the annual Rise World Summit. The Summit, organised by Mumbai-based Rise Infinity Foundation, recognised media literacy as a key social issue for the first time (See www.risesummit.in).

A media prosumer may be defined as a consumer who is also a producer of media products, therefore is both a message- and a meaning-maker. See Berrocal et al. (2014) for the relationship between political communication and media prosumerism; Polletta and Jasper (2001) for collective identity and its communicative relationship with social movements.

A recent report (Knuutila et al., 2022) suggests that regardless of the prevalence of fake news, internet users in Latin America worry most about misinformation, while South Asian users have the least risk perception of misinformation.

India had 1.2 billion mobile subscribers in 2021, of which about 750 million are smartphone users (Press Trust of India, 2022). WhatsApp is a smartphone application owned by Meta, which also owns popular social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram. WhatsApp has become highly popular among users in India. It allows people to organise themselves into ‘groups’ managed by administrators. WhatsApp groups are frequently accused of spreading misinformation and conspiracy theories (Chauchard, 2021). Thousands of WhatsApp groups routinely campaign during elections for the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and routinely for its ideological parent, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). WhatsApp officials are themselves ‘concerned’ about rampant hate speech, threats of violence and false statements. This closed, peer-to-peer app is unmonitored and fully encrypted and is both more insidious (Goel, 2018) and more trusted (Nanjundaiah, 2018) than its counterparts like Facebook, whose texts are open to public.

Althusser, L. (1971). A letter on art in reply to André Daspre. In Lenin and philosophy and other essays (B. Brewster, trans., p. 222). Monthly Review.

Aufderheide, P. (1993). Media literacy. A report of the national leadership conference on media literacy. Aspen Institute.

Berrocal, S., Dominguez, E. C., & Redondo, M. (2014). Media prosumers in political communication: Politainment on YouTube. Comunicar, 43(22), 65–72.CrossRef

Biesta, G. J. J. (2012). Doing emancipation differently: Transgression, equality and the politics of learning. Civitas Educationis. Education, Politics and Culture 1(1), 15–30.

Block, E. (2013). A culturalist approach to the concept of the mediatization of politics: The age of media “hegemony.” Communication Theory, 23, 259–278.CrossRef

Bruner, J. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry, 18(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1086/448619CrossRef

Buckingham, D. (2007). Media education: Literacy, learning and contemporary culture. Polity Press. ISBN 978-0745628301.

Chauchard, S. (2021, July 19). India’s misinformation crisis: What role do BJP WhatsApp groups really play? India in Transition. Center for the Advanced Study of India. https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/iit/simonchauchard

Couldry, N. (2008). Form and power in an age of continuous spectacle. In D. Hesmondhlagh & J. Toynbee (Eds.), The media and social theory (pp. 161–176). Routledge.

Fassett, D. L., & Warren, J. T. (2007). Naming a critical communication pedagogy. In Critical communication pedagogy (pp. 36–60). Sage.

Feez, S., Iedema, R., & White, P. (2008). Media literacy. NSW Adult Migrant Education Service.

Freire, P. (2005). Pedagogy of the oppressed (30th Anniversary Edition). (M. B. Ramos, trans.). Continuum. Original work published 1970.

Garnham, N. (2000). Emancipation, the media, and modernity: Arguments about the media and social theory. Oxford University Press.

Gergen, K. J. (2002). The challenge of absent presence. Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance (pp. 227–241). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489471.018

Giroux, H. (1997). Ideology and agency in the process of schooling. In Pedagogy and the politics of hope: Theory, culture, and schooling (pp. 71–94). Westview Press.

Goel, V. (2018, May 14). In India, Facebook’s WhatsApp plays central role in elections. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/14/technology/whatsapp-india-elections.html

Gordon, A. (2010). Ghostly matters. In Lemert, C. (ed.), Social theory: The multicultural and classic readings (pp. 641–646). Westview Press. Original work published 1997.

Hao, R. N. (2011). Rethinking critical pedagogy: Implications on silence and silent bodies. Text and Performance Quarterly, 31(3), 267–284.CrossRef

Herzog. B. (2020). Invisibilization of suffering: The moral grammar of disrespect. Palgrave Macmillan.

Hobbs, R. (2006). Multiple visions of multimedia literacy: Emerging areas of synthesis. In M. McKenna, L. Labbo, R. Kieffer, & D. Reinking (Eds.), Handbook of literacy and technology (Vol. II, pp. 15–28). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Honneth, A., & Margalit, A. (2001). Recognition. In Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, 75, 111–139. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4107035

Hooks, B. (1994). Engaged pedagogy. In Teaching to transgress; Education as the practice of freedom (pp. 13–22). Routledge.

Jenkins, H. (2021). In remembrance: John Fiske—a great mentor. Blogs. International Council for Media Literacy. https://ic4ml.org/blogs/media-literacy-pioneers/in-remembrance-john-fiske-a-great-mentor/

Knuutila, A., Nuedert, L., & Howard, P. N. (2022). Who is afraid of fake news? Modeling risk perceptions of misinformation in 142 countries. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-97. Retrieved August 23, 2022 from https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/who-is-afraid-of-fake-news-modeling-risk-perceptions-of-misinformation-in-142-countries/

Lewis, J., & Jhally, S. (1998). The struggle over media literacy. Journal of Communication, 48(1), 109–120.CrossRef

Melki, J. (2018). Towards a media literacy pedagogy of the oppressed. Media Education Research Journal, 8(1), 5–14.

Nanjundaiah, S. (2018). Why Indians trust closed social media apps. The Sunday Guardian. https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/opinion/indians-trust-closed-social-media-apps

Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Robertson, C. T., Eddy, K., & Nielsen, R. K. (2022). Reuters Institute digital news report 2022. Reuters Institute and University of Oxford.

Outlook Web Bureau (2020, October 5). Hathras case: Forensic report that denied rape contains no value, say medical experts. Outlook. https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-hathras-case-fsl-report-cannot-confirm-rape-says-aligarh-cmo/361530

Pandey, T. (2020, September 30). First person account: A harrowing, sleepless night in Hathras as UP Police kept out family and cremated rape victim. India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-up-police-family-cremate-rape-victim-first-person-account-1726853-2020-09-30

Piaget, J. (1957). Construction of reality in the child. Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Polletta, F., & Jasper, J. M. (2001). Collective identity and social movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 283–305.CrossRef

Potter, J. (2019). Media literacy (9th ed.). Sage.

Press Information Bureau of India (2021, September 25). Union Minister Sh Anurag Thakur addresses Summit for Information and Democracy. Press Information Bureau. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1757951

Press Trust of India (2022, February 22). India to have 1 billion smartphone users by 2026: Deloitte report. Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-to-have-1-billion-smartphone-users-by-2026-deloitte-report-122022200996_1.html

Rashid, O. (2020, October 7). Journalist and three others, arrested on their way to Hathras, booked for sedition in U.P. The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/malayalam-journalist-3-others-arrested-near-hathras-booked-under-sedition-law/article32791003.ece

Razzante, R. J., Boylorn, R. M., & Orbe, M. P. (2021). Embracing intersectionality in co-cultural and dominant group theorizing: Implications for theory, research, and pedagogy. Communication Theory, 31, 228–249.CrossRef

Siemens, G. (2004). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology & Distance Learning, 2(1). Retrieved from http://www.itdl.org/journal/jan_05/article01.htm

Taskin, B. & Mondal, M. (2020, September 30). UP police crematesHathras gang rape victim at 2.25 am, keeping protesting family away. The Print. https://theprint.in/india/up-police-cremates-hathras-gang-rape-victim-at-2-25-am-keeping-protesting-family-away/513466/

Taskin, B. & Pandey, T. (2021, October 2). Hathras was no exception, at least 4 ‘rape’ victims were ‘forcibly cremated’ by police. The Print. https://theprint.in/india/hathras-was-no-exception-at-least-4-rape-victims-were-forcibly-cremated-by-police/743817/

The Onion (2010). Exhausted Noam Chomsky just going to try and enjoy the day for once. The Onion. https://www.theonion.com/exhausted-noam-chomsky-just-going-to-try-and-enjoy-the-1819571502

Toff, B., Badrinathan, S., Mont’Alverne, C., Ross Arguedas, A., Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. (2021). Listening to what trust in news means to users: Qualitative evidence from four countries. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/listening-what-trust-news-means-users-qualitative-evidence-four-countries

Wang, Q., Napoli, P. M., & Ma, Y. (2017). Problems and solutions for American political coverage: Journalistic self-critique in the wake of the 2016 presidential election. Journalism Practice, 12(10), 1241–1258. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1394209CrossRef

Williams, P. (1992). The alchemy of race and rights: The diary of a law professor. Harvard University Press.

Titel: What You See is What You Get: Invisibility, Spectacle and Media Literacy in the Age of Digital Media
verfasst von: Shashidhar Nanjundaiah
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Buch: Handbook of Digital Journalism
Print ISBN: 978-981-9966-74-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-9966-75-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6675-2_43